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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Single Guide RNA</span></h1>
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<p><b>Single Guide RNA</b> (sgRNA) ist eine künstliche <a href="RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>, die in der <a href="CRISPR/Cas-Methode" title="CRISPR/Cas-Methode">CRISPR/Cas-Methode</a>, der <a href="CRISPRi" title="CRISPRi">CRISPRi</a> oder der <a href="CRISPRa" title="CRISPRa">CRISPRa</a> in Kombination mit <a href="Cas9" title="Cas9">Cas9</a> oder <a href="Cas12b" title="Cas12b">Cas12b</a> verwendet wird.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Die sgRNA bildet eine <a href="Sekund%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Sekundärstruktur">Sekundärstruktur</a>, die als <i>R-loop</i> bezeichnet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sie kann in <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23360965_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23360965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27238023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27238023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27996021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27996021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hefen" title="Hefen">Hefen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23460208_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23460208-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Taufliegen" title="Taufliegen">Fruchtfliegen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2408874_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2408874-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Zebrafisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebrafisch">Zebrafischen</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23360964_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23360964-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="Hausmaus" title="Hausmaus">Mäusen</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23643243_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23643243-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Menschen<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verwendet werden. Daraufhin wird sie von Cas-Proteinen des Typs I und II gebunden.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natürlicherweise bindet Cas9 zwei RNAs, die <a href="CrRNA" title="CrRNA">crRNA</a> und die <a href="TracrRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TracrRNA">tracrRNA</a>, während bei der Methode nur eine aus Sequenzen der beiden RNAs bestehende (einkettige) sgRNA verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dadurch muss für die CRISPR/Cas-Methode nur eine DNA synthetisiert werden, die als Template der sgRNA dient. Eine sgRNA besteht aus den 20 <a href="Nukleotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleotid">Nukleotiden</a> strangaufwärts (in 5'-Richtung) von einem <a href="Protospacer_Adjacent_Motif" title="Protospacer Adjacent Motif">Protospacer Adjacent Motif</a> (PAM) der zu schneidenden Ziel-<a href="DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> und einem Teil der tracrRNA. Bevorzugt befindet sich am 5'-Ende der 20 Nukleotide (Position 1) ein <a href="Guanin" title="Guanin">Guaninnukleotid</a> (<i>GC-clamp</i>) und vier Nukleotide vor dem PAM (Position 17) ein <a href="Adenin" title="Adenin">Adenin</a>- oder <a href="Thymin" title="Thymin">Thyminnukleotid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-takarabi-How_to_d_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takarabi-How_to_d-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programme zur Identifikation von 20 Nukleotiden vor einem PAM bzw. zum Entwerfen einer sgRNA sind beispielsweise CHOPCHOP,<sup id="cite_ref-uib-CHOPCHOP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uib-CHOPCHOP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CasOFFinder,<sup id="cite_ref-rgenome-CRISPR_R_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgenome-CRISPR_R-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FlyCRISPR,<sup id="cite_ref-wisc-CRISPR_O_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc-CRISPR_O-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRISPR-ERA,<sup id="cite_ref-stanford-CRISPR-E_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-CRISPR-E-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SgRNA Designer,<sup id="cite_ref-broadins-sgRNA_De_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadins-sgRNA_De-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRISPOR,<sup id="cite_ref-tefor-CRISPOR_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tefor-CRISPOR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E-CRISP<sup id="cite_ref-e-crisp-E-CRISP_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-crisp-E-CRISP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und CRISPRdirect.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Meistens werden zum Einschleusen der sgRNA in <a href="Eukaryotisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotisch">eukaryotische</a> Zellen <a href="Viraler_Vektor" title="Viraler Vektor">virale Vektoren</a> <a href="Transduktion" class="mw-disambig" title="Transduktion">transduziert</a> oder <a href="Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmide</a> <a href="Transfektion" title="Transfektion">transfiziert</a>. Bei Verwendung zur <a href="Gentherapie" title="Gentherapie">Gentherapie</a> in Eukaryoten wird ein <a href="Eukaryotischer_Promotor" title="Eukaryotischer Promotor">eukaryotischer Promotor</a> verwendet. Im Falle einer Einschleusung des Cas-Proteins und der sgRNA in eine <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zelle</a> wird die sgRNA vorher durch eine <a href="In-vitro-Transkription" title="In-vitro-Transkription">In-vitro-Transkription</a> erzeugt. Dies geschieht beispielsweise mittels eines T7-<a href="Promotor_(Genetik)" title="Promotor (Genetik)">Promotors</a> im DNA-Template und der <a href="T7-RNA-Polymerase" title="T7-RNA-Polymerase">T7-RNA Polymerase</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.addgene.org/how-to-design-your-grna-for-crispr-genome-editing"><i>How to Design Your gRNA for CRISPR Genome Editing</i></a>, abgerufen am 29. Januar 2019.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Jiang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jiang_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jiang_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Jiang, D. W. Taylor, J. S. Chen, J. E. Kornfeld, K. Zhou, A. J. Thompson, E. Nogales, J. A. Doudna: <i>Structures of a CRISPR-Cas9 R-loop complex primed for DNA cleavage.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> Band 351, Nummer 6275, Februar 2016, S. 867–871, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8282">10.1126/science.aad8282</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26841432?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26841432</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5111852/">PMC 5111852</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid23360965-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23360965_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Jiang, D. Bikard, D. Cox, F. Zhang, L. A. Marraffini: <i>RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</a>.</i> Band 31, Nummer 3, März 2013, S. 233–239, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2508">10.1038/nbt.2508</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360965?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23360965</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748948/">PMC 3748948</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid27238023-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27238023_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Peters, A. Colavin, H. Shi, T. L. Czarny, M. H. Larson, S. Wong, J. S. Hawkins, C. H. Lu, B. M. Koo, E. Marta, A. L. Shiver, E. H. Whitehead, J. S. Weissman, E. D. Brown, L. S. Qi, K. C. Huang, C. A. Gross: <i>A Comprehensive, CRISPR-based Functional Analysis of Essential Genes in Bacteria.</i> In: <i><a href="Cell_(Zeitschrift)" title="Cell (Zeitschrift)">Cell</a>.</i> Band 165, Nummer 6, Juni 2016, S. 1493–1506, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.003">10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.003</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27238023?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27238023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894308/">PMC 4894308</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid27996021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27996021_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">X. T. Li, Y. Jun, M. J. Erickstad, S. D. Brown, A. Parks, D. L. Court, S. Jun: <i>tCRISPRi: tunable and reversible, one-step control of gene expression.</i> In: <i><a href="Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>.</i> Band 6, 12 2016, S. 39076, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39076">10.1038/srep39076</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27996021?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27996021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5171832/">PMC 5171832</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid23460208-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23460208_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. E. DiCarlo, J. E. Norville, P. Mali, X. Rios, J. Aach, G. M. Church: <i>Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR-Cas systems.</i> In: <i>Nucleic acids research.</i> Band 41, Nummer 7, April 2013, S. 4336–4343, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar%2Fgkt135">10.1093/nar/gkt135</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460208?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23460208</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627607/">PMC 3627607</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid2408874-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2408874_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. W. Thickbroom, F. L. Mastaglia: <i>Cerebral events preceding self-paced and visually triggered saccades. A study of presaccadic potentials.</i> In: <i>Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.</i> Band 62, Nummer 4, Juli 1985, S. 277–289, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597%2885%2990005-x">10.1016/0168-5597(85)90005-x</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2408874?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2408874</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid23360964-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23360964_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Y. Hwang, Y. Fu, D. Reyon, M. L. Maeder, S. Q. Tsai, J. D. Sander, R. T. Peterson, J. R. Yeh, J. K. Joung: <i>Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</a>.</i> Band 31, Nummer 3, März 2013, S. 227–229, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2501">10.1038/nbt.2501</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360964?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23360964</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3686313/">PMC 3686313</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid23643243-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23643243_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Wang, H. Yang, C. S. Shivalila, M. M. Dawlaty, A. W. Cheng, F. Zhang, R. Jaenisch: <i>One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering.</i> In: <i><a href="Cell_(Zeitschrift)" title="Cell (Zeitschrift)">Cell</a>.</i> Band 153, Nummer 4, Mai 2013, S. 910–918, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.025">10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.025</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643243?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23643243</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969854/">PMC 3969854</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ishani Dasgupta, Terence R. Flotte, Allison M. Keeler: <cite style="font-style:italic">CRISPR/Cas-Dependent and Nuclease-Free In Vivo Therapeutic Gene Editing</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Human Gene Therapy</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5–6</span>, März 2021, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221043-0342%22&key=cql">1043-0342</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>275–293</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2021.013">10.1089/hum.2021.013</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/hum.2021.013?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed">liebertpub.com</a> [abgerufen am 20. Januar 2025]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Single+Guide+RNA&rft.atitle=CRISPR%2FCas-Dependent+and+Nuclease-Free+In+Vivo+Therapeutic+Gene+Editing&rft.au=Ishani+Dasgupta%2C+Terence+R.+Flotte%2C+Allison+M.+Keeler&rft.date=2021-03&rft.doi=10.1089%2Fhum.2021.013&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1043-0342&rft.issue=5-6&rft.jtitle=Human+Gene+Therapy&rft.pages=275-293&rft.volume=32" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Jinek, K. Chylinski, I. Fonfara, M. Hauer, J. A. Doudna, E. Charpentier: <i>A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> Band 337, Nummer 6096, August 2012, S. 816–821, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829">10.1126/science.1225829</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745249?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22745249</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6286148/">PMC 6286148</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-takarabi-How_to_d-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-takarabi-How_to_d_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.takarabio.com/learning-centers/gene-function/gene-editing/gene-editing-tools-and-information/how-to-design-sgrna-sequences"><i>How to design sgRNA sequences.</i></a> In: <i>takarabio.com.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=How+to+design+sgRNA+sequences&rft.description=How+to+design+sgRNA+sequences&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.takarabio.com%2Flearning-centers%2Fgene-function%2Fgene-editing%2Fgene-editing-tools-and-information%2Fhow-to-design-sgrna-sequences&rft.date="> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-uib-CHOPCHOP-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-uib-CHOPCHOP_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chopchop.cbu.uib.no/"><i>CHOPCHOP.</i></a> In: <i>chopchop.cbu.uib.no.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 30. Januar 2019</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=CHOPCHOP&rft.description=CHOPCHOP&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fchopchop.cbu.uib.no%2F&rft.date=&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rgenome-CRISPR_R-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rgenome-CRISPR_R_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgenome.net/cas-offinder/"><i>CRISPR RGEN Tools.</i></a> In: <i>rgenome.net.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 30. Januar 2019</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=CRISPR+RGEN+Tools&rft.description=CRISPR+RGEN+Tools&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgenome.net%2Fcas-offinder%2F&rft.date=&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wisc-CRISPR_O-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wisc-CRISPR_O_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">C. Dustin Rubinstein, Ed O'Connor-Giles, Kate O': <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://targetfinder.flycrispr.neuro.brown.edu/"><i>CRISPR Optimal Target Finder.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 21. August 2024</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=CRISPR+Optimal+Target+Finder&rft.description=CRISPR+Optimal+Target+Finder&rft.identifier=&rft.creator=C.+Dustin+Rubinstein%2C+Ed+O%27Connor-Giles%2C+Kate+O%27&rft.date=&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stanford-CRISPR-E-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stanford-CRISPR-E_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crispr-era.stanford.edu/index.jsp"><i>CRISPR-ERA.</i></a> In: <i>crispr-era.stanford.edu.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 30. Januar 2019</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=CRISPR-ERA&rft.description=CRISPR-ERA&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcrispr-era.stanford.edu%2Findex.jsp&rft.date="> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-broadins-sgRNA_De-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-broadins-sgRNA_De_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.broadinstitute.org/gpp/public/analysis-tools/sgrna-design"><i>sgRNA Designer: CRISPRko.</i></a> In: <i>portals.broadinstitute.org.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 30. Januar 2019</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=sgRNA+Designer%3A+CRISPRko&rft.description=sgRNA+Designer%3A+CRISPRko&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fportals.broadinstitute.org%2Fgpp%2Fpublic%2Fanalysis-tools%2Fsgrna-design&rft.date=&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tefor-CRISPOR-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tefor-CRISPOR_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crispor.tefor.net/crispor.py"><i>CRISPOR.</i></a> In: <i>crispor.tefor.net.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 30. Januar 2019</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=CRISPOR&rft.description=CRISPOR&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcrispor.tefor.net%2Fcrispor.py&rft.date="> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-e-crisp-E-CRISP-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-e-crisp-E-CRISP_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-crisp.org/E-CRISP/designcrispr.html"><i>E-CRISP Design.</i></a> In: <i>e-crisp.org.</i> 1. Januar 2013,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 30. Januar 2019</span> (enc).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+Guide+RNA&rft.title=E-CRISP+Design&rft.description=E-CRISP+Design&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-crisp.org%2FE-CRISP%2Fdesigncrispr.html&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.language=enc"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mohr-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. E. Mohr, Y. Hu, B. Ewen-Campen, B. E. Housden, R. Viswanatha, N. Perrimon: <i>CRISPR guide RNA design for research applications.</i> In: <i>The FEBS journal.</i> Band 283, Nummer 17, 09 2016, S. 3232–3238, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13777">10.1111/febs.13777</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27276584?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27276584</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014588/">PMC 5014588</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
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